Gas clouds solve a mystery of universe

Hydrogen clouds discovered between 2 of our near  galaxies might facilitate solve one in all the mysteries of the universe, wherever will the fuel for star formation return from.

The notice revealed nowadays in Nature provides insights into the structure of the chemical element that extends between Andromeda (M31) and constellation (M33) galaxies.

Lead author sociologist Wolfe of West Virginia University and colleagues, believe the clouds ar a part of associate accumulation gas filament and so a possible supply of fuel for future star formation in M31 and M33.

\"We have far-famed for a few time that a lot of on the face of it empty stretches of the universe contain large however diffuse patches of hot, ionising chemical element,\" says Wolfe.

\"Earlier observations of the realm between M31 and M33 steered the presence of colder, neutral chemical element, however we tend to could not see any details to see if it had a definitive structure or drawn a brand new variety of cosmic feature.\"

The two galaxies settled a pair of.6 and 3 million light-years, severally from Earth, ar members of the native cluster of galaxies, that conjointly includes our own Milky Way.
Difficult to nail down

While chemical element is bumper throughout the cosmos, its faint signals create it troublesome to nail down.

Ionised chemical element is nearly invisible, however victimisation the inexperienced Bank astronomical telescope in West Virginia, Wolfe and colleagues were able to discover signals for neutral chemical element.

\"We were able to discover distinct concentrations of neutral chemical element rising out of what was thought to be a in the main plain field of gas,\" says Wolfe.

The researchers estimate regarding fifty per cent of the neutral chemical element condensed out of the filament to make these clouds, that ar as large as dwarf galaxies, having diameters starting from 7800 light-years to over twenty one,000 light-years.

\"Their clustered orientation ... perhaps the results of a filament of matter,\" says author Dr Felix lockmaster from the inexperienced Bank Observatory.

\"The speculation is that a dark-matter filament, if it exists, might offer the gravitative system upon that clouds might condense from a close field of hot gas.\"
Answering a puzzle

These close filaments of hot, ionised, diffuse gas ar the $64000 prize, in step with CSIRO physics and house Science\'s chief soul Dr Henry Martyn Robert Braun.

Braun, World Health Organization writes associate attendant statement piece in Nature, is associate author on the 2004 paper that 1st detected signs of chemical element within the region between M31 and M33.

\"It\'s been a puzzle for a few time however it can be that the universe has been forming stars at such a prodigious rate ... the quantity of gas that is seen to be gift in galaxies isn\'t comfortable to own provided all of the celebs that we tend to see within them,\" says Braun.

\"The resolution to the mystery is that the incontrovertible fact that it\'s during this [invisible] ionising type that a lot of of that gas remains around United States of America even nowadays and what we tend to see because the neutral element is simply alittle fraction of that total [hydrogen] reservoir.\"

Braun says the rise in total chemical element conjointly changes our image of galactic evolution.

\"For a protracted time folks thought all the action occurred billions of years agone. What replaced that was a theory that galaxy interaction was the foremost necessary mechanism for dynamical galaxies through galactic practice,\" says Braun.

\"And currently what we\'re seeing could be a third read that\'s superseding those previous ones, wherever it extremely is that this setting in between the distinct galaxies that ... plays a vital role within the evolution (providing) the continued fuelling for galaxies.\"

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Discovered an invisible rivers in the atmosphere

Atmospheric rivers are large continuous currents of moist air, meandering thousands of miles through the sky. They were discovered only recently, and in terms of rainfall they supply are as dangerous and hurricanes.

The first signs of the existence of the celestial river discovered Yong Zhu and Reginald Njel from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who in 1998. in climate models found that almost all of the money that travels between the tropics and high latitude collects in the narrow, thick flows. This was in contrast with the current view of the distribution of water in the form of clouds from the sprayer.

This model was later confirmed by satellite imagery.

What causes a celestial river?

Scientists still do not know what stimulates the formation of these streams in the atmosphere. For climatologists they are simply unpredictable phenomena.

If the program insert a few key data about the atmosphere, such as conservation of matter and time, the distribution of solar radiation, the Earth's rotation and thermal properties of water, the celestial river will occur.

In the northern hemisphere, they usually occur as a cyclonic field - systems of low pressure, rotating counter-clockwise to bring warm and humid air from the south and southwest to the coast. If the winds at a height of about a kilometer particularly strong, large amounts of air full of water can move a long distance in a short time. If the current hits the coastal mountains vapor is condensed and formed abundant precipitation.

At any time on satellite images of the Earth can be seen five or six of these rivers. Many of them spent over the oceans, and carry with them the average moisture content as 15 Mississippi or an Amazon, however, major problems occur when atmospheric conditions stop in one place.

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How NASA plans to catch an asteroid

After an unusual plan presented by NASA received the approval of President Barack Obama's America, the agency issued a complete animation of this project. See how they are going to catch a small asteroid and dragged him to the next orbit of the moon.

The project would start catching small asteroid from which the astronauts in the future should embark on missions to Mars. NASA expects that the first astronauts could visit the asteroid but 2021st year.

Obama has approved a budget of 17.7 billion dollars in 2014. year, and this project is intended that budget.

More 2010th The Obama has proposed to the International Space Station NASA launch and mission of sending a man to the asteroid 2025. year.

NASA has since worked on developing a missile capable of raising large cargo into space, and the capsule that could take astronauts to the much longer journey.

The space agency first to catch an asteroid with a diameter 7 to 10 meters, which would then dragged to the ground to put it into a stable orbit around the moon.

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The dark matter hiding parallel universe

Scientists have not been able to confirm the existence of dark matter in spite of the experiment worth $ 2 billion, which was conducted on the International Space Station. However, the new theory is that dark matter could be hiding a parallel universe that could completely change the way we understand the universe.

"Behind the dark matter could be hiding a parallel world where the really interesting things happen. It could also mean that nature is much richer than we think, "said James Bullock of the University of California.
Earlier this month, an international team of scientists said that the cosmic ray detector on the International Space Station encountered the first traces of the existence of dark matter.
Physicists fields Gagnon said that the experiment could change the way we see the universe.
"Detection of dark matter would be amazing discovery, something like discovering a whole new continent. That would really open the door to a whole new world, "she said.
Dark matter is a challenge for so-called. The Standard Model of physics that helps us to identify the particles and forces that affect our daily lives, but it is insufficient for understanding the entire cosmos.
The standard model has, for example, describes how gravity and only four or five percent of matter in the universe.
The rest is dark matter, which accounts for 23 percent of the universe, and dark energy, a mysterious force that is believed to influence the expansion of the universe and that represent 72 to 73 percent of the universe.
"Now we realize that the mysterious dark matter holds together the rest of our galaxy and universe," said Turner told AFP, adding that scientists have strong evidence that the dark matter consists of something new, which does not correspond to any particle of the Standard Model.
The theory of dark matter was created 80 years ago when the Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zvika found that in space there is not enough visible matter which should be attributed to the current strength of gravitational forces within and between galaxies.
According to some theorists, the dark matter consists of exotic particles called Wimps with weak interaction with visible matter.
"The main question is why dark matter is six times more energy than ordinary matter," said Lisa Randall of Harvard University, stating that it could be a sign that there is some other interaction that we can not detect.
In search of the phantom cells, physicists use a number of methods and instruments. One of these instruments is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), which is located on the International Space Station, and performing analysis of gamma rays generated by colliding particles of dark matter.
Another instrument that scientists use the Observatory at the South Pole to mark the subatomic particles (neutrinos) which, according to scientists, are created when dark matter passing through the sun and in the interaction with protons.
Another powerful tool in the service of this project is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, the largest particle collider in the world with the power, the scientists believe, could break with the electrons, quarks, and neutrinos to detect dark matter.
"Dark matter particles are very difficult. This is one of the reasons why we built the LHC, not only to discover the Higgs boson," said Mary Spiropulu, professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology. 

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Is there another Higgs boson?

Once you have discovered the existence of a Higgs boson, scientists are now pondering whether the new found particles confirm their expectations or in space, he's been hiding some Higgs boson.

So far, the data suggest that the Higgs boson particle, which should explain how other particles get their mass, and there are no big surprises, according to a physicist meeting American Association of Physics.

However, this does not mean that scientists do not expect nock new excitement or even the existence of another Higgs boson.

"There are a number of theoretical models that predict more complex Higgs field," said Markus Klute, fizičas with Intstituta of Technology in Massachusetts.

Some of the existing theories predict the existence of the Higgs boson to 5 different masses.

Physicists in March confirmed that the new particle discovered in most Hadron Collider actually the Higgs boson. This particle, which is 126 times heavier than the proton, so far fits into the Standard Model of physics, which is the dominant theory when it comes to particle physics.

Physicists hope that after re-ignition Collider 2015th year will have much more power to detect a Higgs boson harder variations, and there is a chance that some of them are hiding in the existing results of which are still being processed.

Scientists in December 2012. The observed results indicated the existence of another Higgs boson mass differently, but the data did not show up during testing at other laboratories.

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Mammoths are comming back

Japanese scientists plan to 2017. year to revive mammoths. Already geneticists all over the world working on the cloning of animals that have become extinct before the tens of thousands of years. Some experts claim that the Earth will soon look like a Hollywood movie "Jurassic Park," while others refer to reality is not confused with advertising campaigns.
The idea of ​​cloning extinct animals, but some tens of years excites minds on the margins of science and ordinary people. Today, the interrupt serious and even jokingly talks about reviving prehistoric Squamata, dinosaurs - far too long bone were in their country, so they only save the traces on the stones.
Another thing mammoths. The history of these animals began at about the same time as the history of the human race, but it was too short. Unlike the dinosaurs whose remains likely to be present in the hot rocky desert landscapes, mammoths found frozen in layers of soil (permafrost) in the arctic regions of Siberia and in North America. Over thousands of years in ice, as in the refrigerator to preserve the animal's body, preserved the soft tissue, bone, and skin often. It begins with the "miracle" of cloning a mammoth, about which scientists, despite the enormous skepticism, - for the first time seriously discussed. The only thing they need most fragments of tissues extinct, with well-preserved DNA. The realization of this project is very real, but it does not lead to anything good, is the conviction biologist Alexander Chubenko, science journalist, editor of the website "Eternal Youth".
- Not known arrangement of genes in the chromosomes, I'm not sure whether it is about the number of chromosomes as they are so frozen tissue remaining some "leftovers" and "odds and ends" of the DNA. Secondly, it is doubtful that the uterus to accept an embryo mammoth elephant, even if it is obtained. Far more interesting than these projects, cloning, and is far more promising idea Jack Horner of the University of Montana. He intends to make to the "dino-chicken" or "coco-saurus." Take chicken, activate the "sleeping" genes, which are not functioning, and the egg, perhaps in several stages, to get something like a dinosaur.
According to experts, this scientific experiment will cost about two million dollars, while the value of cloning a mammoth - billions of dollars. Considerably lower rates to "resurrect" pet owners offered a sad American businessmen. Cloning and beloved puppy or kitten  cost of 250 thousand U.S. dollars. But one thing is - pet, and quite another - the mammoth, that simply will not survive in the present conditions is considered by many scholars, simply because the climate on Earth is quite different, but rather a 400 thousand years.
While some scientists are trying to cloning mammoth - Scientists from Australia's University of New South Wales already created genome rare frogs. This species has completely disappeared on the continent early 80s of the last century. True derived embryos did not survive, as it was with the cloning 2009th The Pyrenean mountain goat, who lived a few minutes from the moment of birth. Scientists, however, do not lose hope and the hope of a breakthrough in cloning extinct species. What can be the consequences, and if we get to the end of some monstrous creature - their thoughts on how is the doctor of biological sciences, professor, deputy director of the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of viral and cellular molecular genetics IMG Sciences Vyacheslav Tarantula.
- Conduct a discussion, for example, even in the case of such a project as cloning Neanderthals. This is not a man, it is a minor species. This situation is quite controversial as human cloning, because it is not known what will be there to give birth and how to deal with this creature: as an animal or to man. In general, there are technical and moral issues, and of course economically.
Additionally Today there is another problem, which can not overlook. In Yakutia - the permafrost zone, lies a vast amount of forgotten forms of life, and began to "war" in the ruins, the remains of the missing animals. Because apart from national research teams, we are present, "the mammoth hunters" who just leads to fighting. The point is that in 1990. in world trade is prohibited elephants tusks so the tusks of a mammoth, that make up the most diverse things - from chess pieces to ornaments, to get the price. The price of one pair of tusks on the black market may be about 75 thousand euros. It is known that a necklace made from this material have even first lady Michelle Obama.
But until someone deals with the cloning of rare species of animals, and some of that money, our planet is still a far more significant problem. The biological diversity of the earth every day all the poorer. So that in the near future the world may think of cloning as yet live tigers, leopards and rhinos.

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The combination of energy and information transfer: a large economic impact

Russian scientist has managed to combine power transmission and exchange of data. For the first time in the world this line is made in the Russian science city Dubna. It was based on standard optical fiber placed between the poles. The project implemented a little enterprise and innovation-Dubna University - Maison company.
Russian experts have taken to the technology of the famous engineer and physicist Nikola Tesla. In 19th century, he proposed a transfer of active power using resonant properties single-conductor lines made of metal wire. About this basically says the leading technology innovator engineer with Maison Alexander Antonov.
- Information goes through the glass, through the lens, and energy go a metal sheath cable. Cable construction is such that it goes ten glass optical fibers. They are wrapped in a tube around the metal bar that goes as to protect the cable. And then going polyethylene membrane. So you go information glass pipes, in optics, electricity and a metal layer. Since it uses the resonance method, the active branches in the chain does not run along the power cord is expand wave voltage and losses are very small. So, there it convenient to carry long distances, that's an advantage.
By wrapping fiber optic cable can be supplied some equipment for telephone or cell phone number. It gives a good saving copper, since the optical cable transmits electricity glass paneling. The combination of transmission and information provides a synergistic effect, highlights the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dubna coordinate project that Yuri Krjukov.
- All our homes there are also several cable systems. That is the power supply network, data network Internet, telephony, television, alarm system. Gradually all information systems are connected to a network - a network data transfer. Electricity networks are separate, there is no technology that would allow to integrate into one system. Construction of two separate systems requires twice the cost. Further network data and power transmission networks serviced by the two companies at the same time. If you connect it to a system, it is cheaper.
In addition, optical VLKN may be transferred power supply where it is not convenient to place the two cables to a remote device, said an expert. For example, when a remote village should be placed video cameras, it should take you to a network of transmitting data and power supply. It is not appropriate and it is expensive. And so a single cable to transmit both.
In Dubna already working two polygons where tries intellectual network delivery of electric power and data - in the territory of a university campus on the banks of the Volga. There consume energy street lights, video cameras, wireless access points Wai-Fai included its own fiber-optic monitoring for servers and ensure the power of the digital substation. Experts believe that the technology of Russian inventors has great prospects.

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